\setcounter{ExampleCounter}{1}

Remember this example from the section on confidence intervals?

\begin{example}{Cereal Box Weight}
A machine that fills cereal boxes is supposed to put 20 ounces of cereal in each box.  A simple random sample of 6 boxes is found to contain a sample mean of 20.25 ounces of cereal.  It is known from past experience that fill weights are normally distributed with a standard deviation of 0.2 ounces.  Construct a 92\% confidence interval for the mean fill weight.\\

Confidence interval:
\[(20.12,20.38)\]
\end{example}

At the end of the problem, we have a confidence interval, but we also have a conclusion about the claim that was made: we can conclude that the average weight of the boxes is \emph{more than} 20 ounces, since the entire interval is above 20.  If we'd gotten something like 
\[(19.88,20.56)\] we would not have been able to conclude that the average weight is more than 20 ounces or less than 20 ounces.

\paragraph{Note:} \text{}
\vspace{1.5in}

If we did a hypothesis test with this example, we'd find (with 92\% confidence) the same conclusion.  Again, a hypothesis test is a different way to go about it, but the hypothesis test and the confidence interval will draw the same conclusions.
\vfill
\pagebreak

\subsection{Kinds of Hypothesis Tests}
There are many hypothesis tests that can be done, but we'll stick to ones that are similar to what we did with confidence intervals:
\begin{itemize}
\item \text{}
\vspace{0.8in}

\item \text{}
\vspace{0.8in}

\item \text{}
\vspace{0.5in}

\item \text{}
\vspace{0.5in}

\item \text{}
\vspace{0.6in}
\end{itemize}

In general, a hypothesis test tests a claim about a population parameter based on a sample.

\subsection{Hypotheses}
At the heart of a hypothesis test are the two contradictory hypotheses.
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{Null hypothesis:} \text{}
\vspace{0.8in}

\item \textbf{Alternate hypothesis:} \text{}
\vspace{1in}

\end{itemize}

\paragraph{Note: Terminology} At the end of a hypothesis test, we'll either say
\vspace{0.6in}

or
\vspace{0.6in}

We'll never say 
\vspace{0.3in}

\paragraph{Options:} Compare the parameter (mean or proportion) to some value
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{r l | r l}
& \textbf{$H_0$} & & \textbf{$H_1$}\\
\hline
& & & \\
$=$ & Equal & $\neq$ & Not equal (greater than or less than)\\
$\geq$ & Greater than or equal to & $<$ & Less than\\
$\leq$ & Less than or equal to & $>$ & Greater than
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

\paragraph{Note:} the equals sign is always on the null hypothesis.  Some people always use $=$ as the null hypothesis in every case.
\vspace{0.75in}

\begin{example}{Restaurant Bills}
Last year, the mean amount spent by customers at a restaurant was \$35.  The restaurant owner believes that the mean may be higher this year.
\vspace*{1in}
\end{example}
\vfill
\pagebreak

\begin{example}{Newborn Weight}
In a recent year, the mean weight of newborn boys in a certain country was 6.6 pounds.  A doctor wants to know whether the mean weight of newborn girls differs from this.
\vspace*{1in}
\end{example}
\vfill

\begin{example}{Gas Mileage}
A certain model of car can be ordered with either a large or small engine.  The mean number of miles per gallon for cars with a small engine is 25.5.  An automotive engineer thinks that the mean for cars with the larger engine will be less than this.
\vspace*{1in}
\end{example}
\vfill

\begin{example}{Registered Voters}
A pollster thinks that less than 30\% of registered voters in the county voted.
\vspace*{1in}
\end{example}
\pagebreak

\begin{example}{Mean GPA}
We want to test whether the mean GPA of American college students differs from 2.0.
\vspace*{1in}
\end{example}
\vfill

\begin{example}{Placement Tests}
In an issue of \emph{U.S. News and World Report}, an article on school standards stated that about half of all students in France, Germany, and Israel take advanced placement exams and a third pass.  The same article stated that 6.6\% of U.S. students take advanced placement exams and 4.4\% pass.  Test if the percentage of U.S. students who take advanced placement exams differs from 6.6\%.
\vspace*{1in}
\end{example}
\vfill

\begin{example}{Driver's Test}
On a state driver's test, about 40\% pass on the first try.  We want to test if more than 40\% pass on the first try in a different state.
\vspace*{1in}
\end{example}
\pagebreak